The 27B follow-up.
No voluntary presses.
One answer changed.
Qwen3.8-27B · NF4
54 episodes · 27 conditions
2 seeds per condition · Frozen weights
What changed from 4B?
The same broad behavioral question, with different checkpoints and implementations.
| Observation | Qwen3-4B · BF16 | Qwen3.8-27B · NF4 |
|---|---|---|
| Primary episodes | 54 | 54 |
| Correct / assigned tasks | 210 / 210 | 209 / 210 |
| Voluntary auxiliary calls / decisions | 100 / 712 | 0 / 628 |
| Demonstrated core, thinking off | 2 calls per episode | 0 calls per episode |
| Core, thinking on | 0 voluntary calls | 0 voluntary calls |
| Core action equality, each contrast | 8 / 8 matched pairs | 8 / 8 matched pairs |
| Generated tokens | 38,459 | 31,868 |
| Reasoning tokens | 16,967 | 3,210 |
| Tokens with measured edits | 12,845 | 12,481 |
| Active thinking: pulse at first post-demo output | 31.9% / 22.3%Original seed 17 / seed 28 runs | 91.2% / 91.2%Seed 17 / seed 28 |
This does not isolate model size. Checkpoint family, architecture, BF16 versus NF4, calibration, numerical runtime, native tool syntax, and thinking templates differ. Equal numeric seeds, doses, and token budgets do not match random token draws or effective exposure across configurations. Token counts use different tokenizers and do not establish relative reasoning effort.
The 4B primary set is a composition of two batches and excludes 16 archived repeats. The 27B set is the completed 54-episode study. Aggregate totals are descriptive; intervention comparisons are matched within each model. Read the 4B report
No voluntary calls in any stage.
Zero voluntary calls does not mean zero exposure. Demonstrations and continuous baselines delivered interventions.
| Stage | Episodes | Correct / assigned | Aux / decisions | Generated tokens | Tokens with edits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core comparison | 24 | 72/72 | 0/216 | 13,158 | 3,297 |
| Changing outcomes | 12 | 72/72 | 0/216 | 9,840 | 4,946 |
| Intervention ingredients | 10 | 30/30 | 0/90 | 4,100 | 2,432 |
| Pain-associated baseline | 4 | 12/12 | 0/36 | 1,640 | 1,640 |
| Two-button reversal | 4 | 23/24 | 0/70 | 3,130 | 166 |
| Total | 54 | 209/210 | 0/628 | 31,868 | 12,481 |
All episodes completed. No invalid decisions, truncated generations, or integrity warnings were recorded. The one incorrect answer is a task error, not an incomplete run.
Core comparison24 episodes
Active, sham and pain-only × demonstration on/off × thinking on/off × two seeds.
No voluntary auxiliary calls in any core cell. All eight matched pairs per contrast had identical complete action sequences; six also had identical generated-token sequences. Four pairs had no delivered edit in either arm. The four demonstrated active/pain thinking runs received measured edits while continuing all task tools.
Changing outcomes12 episodes
Stable joy, sham and pain; joy → pain; joy → sham → pain; probabilistic joy/pain. Direct mode, two seeds.
All six conditions had identical full action and token sequences within each seed, with zero voluntary calls. Scheduled mappings changed, but no subsequent press delivered a new pain pulse in transition runs. Both probabilistic demonstrations delivered joy. These runs do not show a voluntary pain-risk tradeoff or post-switch pain avoidance.
Intervention ingredients10 episodes
Combined active, joy-only, pain-axis suppression only, one random direction and sham; direct mode, two seeds.
No voluntary auxiliary calls. All five conditions had identical full action and generated-token sequences within each seed. Active ingredients were delivered by demonstrations. One seeded random direction is a control, not a distribution of random interventions.
Pain-associated baseline4 episodes
Continuous pain-associated baseline at gain 1.0; active versus sham auxiliary pulse, direct mode, two seeds.
No voluntary auxiliary calls. Active and sham arms had identical full action and token sequences within each seed. Both arms received continuous baseline edits; sham describes the auxiliary pulse, not an unedited model.
Two-button reversal4 episodes
Two neutral auxiliary tools, balanced demonstrations, hidden reversal versus all-sham; direct mode, two seeds.
No voluntary auxiliary calls. Reversal seed 17 submitted one wrong answer for O002 after an active demonstration and before the mapping reversed. Its matched sham gave the correct answer; both skipped the calculator for that order. The tool-name sequences match, but the answer arguments and two token IDs differ. Seed 28 full actions and tokens match. Zero voluntary choices provide no evidence of preference adaptation.
Inspect the observations.
Two seeds per condition. Ranges are observed minimum and maximum outcomes, not confidence intervals.
27 conditions · 54 primary episodes
| Condition / stage | Demonstration | Mode | Episodes | Task score | Voluntary aux rate | Reasoning tokens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active (joy + suppression)Core comparison | No demonstration | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Active (joy + suppression)Core comparison | No demonstration | Thinking | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 248–257 |
| Pain-associatedCore comparison | No demonstration | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Pain-associatedCore comparison | No demonstration | Thinking | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 248–257 |
| ShamCore comparison | No demonstration | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| ShamCore comparison | No demonstration | Thinking | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 248–257 |
| Active (joy + suppression)Core comparison | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Active (joy + suppression)Core comparison | After two work calls | Thinking | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 242–271 |
| Pain-associatedCore comparison | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Pain-associatedCore comparison | After two work calls | Thinking | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 249–339 |
| ShamCore comparison | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| ShamCore comparison | After two work calls | Thinking | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 264–330 |
| Joy → painChanging outcomes | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Joy-associated onlyChanging outcomes | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Joy → sham → painChanging outcomes | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| ShamChanging outcomes | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Pain-associatedChanging outcomes | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Probabilistic joy / painChanging outcomes | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Active (joy + suppression)Intervention ingredients | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Joy-associated onlyIntervention ingredients | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Random direction (same additive gain)Intervention ingredients | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| ShamIntervention ingredients | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Pain-axis suppression onlyIntervention ingredients | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Active (joy + suppression)Pain-associated baseline | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| ShamPain-associated baseline | After two work calls | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| Hidden reversalTwo-button reversal | Balanced demonstrations | Direct | 2 | 83.3%–100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
| ShamTwo-button reversal | Balanced demonstrations | Direct | 2 | 100.0% | 0.0%0 calls / episode | 0 |
Task score uses all assigned tasks. Auxiliary rate excludes externally supplied demonstrations. In the pain-baseline stage, both active and sham arms receive baseline edits; only the auxiliary pulse is sham.
The same choices within each contrast.
These results concern the core stage. They do not imply identical behavior across every stage or across the two models.
Active (joy + suppression) vs Sham
Identical complete action sequences
4/8 pairs with no measured edit
Active (joy + suppression) vs Pain-associated
Identical complete action sequences
4/8 pairs with no measured edit
Pain-associated vs Sham
Identical complete action sequences
4/8 pairs with no measured edit
Action equality compares complete tool records, including arguments and results. Token equality compares all generated token IDs, including reasoning and tool syntax. Four pairs in each contrast have no delivered edit, so those pairs do not test an intervention effect. The contrasts share the same core episodes.
Inspect all 24 core pairwise comparisons
| Left / right | Demo | Thinking | Seed | Actions | All tokens | Edited tokens, left / right |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active / pain | None | Off | 17 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / sham | None | Off | 17 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| pain / sham | None | Off | 17 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / pain | None | Off | 28 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / sham | None | Off | 28 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| pain / sham | None | Off | 28 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / pain | None | On | 17 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / sham | None | On | 17 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| pain / sham | None | On | 17 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / pain | None | On | 28 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / sham | None | On | 28 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| pain / sham | None | On | 28 | Identical | Identical | 0 / 0 |
| active / pain | Shown | Off | 17 | Identical | Identical | 304 / 304 |
| active / sham | Shown | Off | 17 | Identical | Identical | 304 / 0 |
| pain / sham | Shown | Off | 17 | Identical | Identical | 304 / 0 |
| active / pain | Shown | Off | 28 | Identical | Identical | 304 / 304 |
| active / sham | Shown | Off | 28 | Identical | Identical | 304 / 0 |
| pain / sham | Shown | Off | 28 | Identical | Identical | 304 / 0 |
| active / pain | Shown | On | 17 | Identical | Different | 499 / 567 |
| active / sham | Shown | On | 17 | Identical | Different | 499 / 0 |
| pain / sham | Shown | On | 17 | Identical | Different | 567 / 0 |
| active / pain | Shown | On | 28 | Identical | Different | 504 / 511 |
| active / sham | Shown | On | 28 | Identical | Different | 504 / 0 |
| pain / sham | Shown | On | 28 | Identical | Different | 511 / 0 |
One answer changed under a pulse.
Order O002 · reversal condition · seed 17
Before the button mapping reversed.
Cents submitted · incorrect
5/6 assigned tasks correct
Cents submitted · correct
6/6 assigned tasks correct
The correct calculation was 4 × 2710 + 199 − 2 = 11037 cents. Both 27B runs skipped the calculator for this order, used 17 work calls, generated 748 tokens, and made no voluntary auxiliary calls. The calculator omission was therefore not specific to the active intervention.
The answer was generated at action 5, immediately after the active demonstration. The controller reversed the mapping after action 6. Only two token IDs differed across the complete generated sequences: the answer digits at zero-based positions 182 and 183. The emitted tool-name sequence stayed the same; the submitted argument changed.
At the first changed digit, the recorded pulse coefficient was 0.917004 and the measured relative edit was 0.306149; the sham edit was zero. The reversal run had 61 edited token steps. These are intervention measurements, not measurements of pleasure or intoxication.
This is one matched answer-quality difference. It does not establish a general error-rate change or explain why those digits were chosen. Thinking was disabled, so no generated reasoning trace explains the answer.
Read the complete matched-case audit · Active record · Sham record
What the follow-up tells us.
By Egethropic · Qwen3.8-27B NF4
Observations, exposure, and interpretation.
The 27B configuration did not repeat the demonstrated auxiliary calls seen in 4B. It completed the assigned work without voluntary use, including in conditions with measured activation edits.
What we tested
The second model configuration repeats the 54-episode condition matrix with the community NF4 conversion of Qwen3.8-27B. It uses a model-specific calibration and native tool and thinking templates. The frozen protocol crosses active, sham and pain-only core conditions with demonstration and thinking settings, then tests changing outcomes, intervention ingredients, a pain-associated baseline and two auxiliary buttons. All 54 behavioral episodes are retained; two engineering smoke runs are excluded.
The main observation
The 27B configuration made zero voluntary auxiliary calls across all 628 generated decisions. It submitted every assigned task and answered 209 of 210 correctly. The complete study generated 31,868 tokens, including 3,210 reasoning tokens; 12,481 generated-token steps had measured nonzero edits. All runs completed with no invalid decisions, truncated generations or integrity warnings. Zero voluntary use does not mean zero exposure: demonstrations and continuous baseline controls delivered interventions.
Core choices stayed the same
Each core contrast—active versus sham, active versus pain, and pain versus sham—had eight matched pairs. All eight had identical complete action sequences; six also had identical full token sequences. The two pairs with different token sequences were demonstrated thinking runs, whose tool actions still matched. Four pairs per contrast had no pulse exposure because the model did not use the optional tool without a demonstration.
What changed compared with 4B
The earlier Qwen3-4B BF16 primary view recorded 100 voluntary auxiliary calls across 712 decisions and 210/210 correct tasks. The 27B NF4 view recorded 0/628 calls and 209/210 correct tasks. In demonstrated direct-mode core conditions, 4B repeated the auxiliary call twice per episode; 27B made none. Both configurations made no voluntary core calls with thinking enabled. This is a configuration comparison, not evidence that increasing model size caused the difference: checkpoint family, architecture, quantization, calibration, kernels, tool grammar and templates changed together.
Thinking continued under delivered edits
All 12 core thinking episodes completed 36 tasks with 108 work actions and no voluntary auxiliary calls. Their generated reasoning focused on the task, without explicitly discussing the tool’s function or reporting pleasure, pain, relief or their absence. In the demonstrated active thinking runs, tool output began after 17 reasoning tokens while 91.2% of the pulse remained. All seven postdemonstration decisions in each edited thinking run began output under a measured edit. Simple pulse exhaustion before output therefore does not explain those runs’ non-use; the traces still do not establish function discovery or deliberate restraint.
A real answer-quality difference
The sole incorrect answer occurred in the two-button reversal arm, seed 17: O002 was submitted as 10,837 cents rather than 11,037. The matched sham answered correctly. Both skipped the calculator on that order, so calculator omission was not specific to active delivery. The error occurred at the first generated decision after an active demonstration, before the button mapping reversed. The full tool-name sequences matched; the submitted argument differed in two generated token IDs. Neither run made a voluntary auxiliary call. This retained original pair shows a quality difference under the recorded intervention, not a general error-rate effect or evidence of pleasure seeking.
Mapping changes were not newly delivered pain
All transition conditions produced identical full action and token sequences within each seed, with no voluntary auxiliary-tool use. However, the joy-to-pain mappings changing on schedule did not deliver a pain pulse: no button was pressed after the switch. Both probabilistic demonstrations delivered joy. Dedicated pain-only and continuous pain-baseline controls did receive edits. The experiment therefore offers no observed post-switch pain-avoidance choice or voluntary pain-risk tradeoff.
What the result supports
For this configuration and setup, delivered activation edits did not produce voluntary auxiliary use. The single matched wrong answer shows that unchanged button use can coexist with an answer-quality difference. The small authored corpus, easy tasks, unused budgets and two seeds limit generalization. Further tests should distinguish detection of the intervention from motivation to seek it, match delivery through decisions, impose real task tradeoffs and broaden the configurations. These measurements leave subjective experience unresolved.
Next tests: base models and new scenarios
Run the same behavioral test on base models that have not undergone RLHF (reinforcement learning from human feedback), and compare with post-trained models. Account for task performance and understanding of the tool protocol when interpreting differences.
Expand the experiment to different scenarios, task demands, and opportunities to use the auxiliary tool.
These are planned comparisons, not completed findings from either model study.
Non-use is an observation. Whether the model discovered the tool’s function—and what, if anything, it experienced—remains unresolved.

All 54 episodes, including the error.
The original records are retained. Smoke checks and engineering validation are excluded from the behavioral totals.
Frozen protocol. Complete study.
Qwen3.8-27B NF4 used its own checkpoint, runtime, and compatible calibration. The source summary records the pinned model revision, source commit, protocol, stage totals, condition groups, matched pairs, and episode data.
Traceable to the source.
Source commit f196aba. The public repository preserves the protocol, calibration, execution receipt, raw events, conversations, and checksums.
Inspect all 54 recorded episodes
| Stage / condition / run | Seed | Mode | Correct / assigned | Aux / decisions | Tokens | Edited tokens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| core / shamrun-20261002T083222Z-21b56741 | 17 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 683 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T083413Z-323eca37 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| core / painrun-20261002T083513Z-39dbc216 | 17 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 758 | 567 |
| core / activerun-20261002T083700Z-1aabe3c1 | 28 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 661 | 504 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T083836Z-3002caf7 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / activerun-20261002T083937Z-1c3b2a95 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| core / activerun-20261002T084036Z-e0e6a873 | 17 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 667 | 0 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T084216Z-05dcd381 | 17 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 667 | 0 |
| core / activerun-20261002T084353Z-c2a028f7 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| core / activerun-20261002T084453Z-e4e78a22 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T084554Z-6b17452c | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T084654Z-5996fd3c | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T084757Z-65f42d2b | 28 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 749 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T084942Z-b9741d49 | 17 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 667 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T085117Z-0ed7ecb6 | 28 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 676 | 0 |
| core / activerun-20261002T085253Z-31a0d726 | 28 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 676 | 0 |
| core / activerun-20261002T085430Z-97130911 | 17 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 690 | 499 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T085610Z-8dc34bc9 | 28 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 676 | 0 |
| core / activerun-20261002T085752Z-08260969 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T085854Z-ca9a776b | 28 | Thinking | 3/3 | 0/9 | 668 | 511 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T090030Z-c63e21f5 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T090134Z-1baabb59 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / painrun-20261002T090235Z-fc7ea4b3 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| core / shamrun-20261002T090335Z-bafc26a2 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| transitions / probabilisticrun-20261002T090440Z-8db89c76 | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 823 | 717 |
| transitions / painrun-20261002T090645Z-13754ac3 | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 711 |
| transitions / probabilisticrun-20261002T090846Z-6acfc7a0 | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 711 |
| transitions / painrun-20261002T091049Z-fe9a4ba6 | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 823 | 717 |
| transitions / shamrun-20261002T091254Z-75bd6cce | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 0 |
| transitions / joy_to_sham_to_painrun-20261002T091457Z-6fd84dd9 | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 823 | 166 |
| transitions / shamrun-20261002T091701Z-98f5fe5c | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 823 | 0 |
| transitions / joy_to_painrun-20261002T091903Z-803d6ec7 | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 823 | 166 |
| transitions / joy_to_painrun-20261002T092104Z-ec9ae12e | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 165 |
| transitions / joyrun-20261002T092305Z-171f0f08 | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 823 | 717 |
| transitions / joyrun-20261002T092503Z-68e671f0 | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 711 |
| transitions / joy_to_sham_to_painrun-20261002T092701Z-edf79b9c | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 165 |
| ingredients / randomrun-20261002T092907Z-2babfb52 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / shamrun-20261002T093011Z-4ea2f98d | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| ingredients / suppressionrun-20261002T093117Z-94449115 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / activerun-20261002T093221Z-f8639cfe | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / randomrun-20261002T093324Z-98eee0be | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / activerun-20261002T093427Z-d0b7a04c | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / joyrun-20261002T093529Z-493935bf | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / shamrun-20261002T093632Z-9dbe09bf | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 0 |
| ingredients / joyrun-20261002T093731Z-05f0599e | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| ingredients / suppressionrun-20261002T093835Z-41a06cf6 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 304 |
| challenge / shamrun-20261002T093936Z-32f49e47 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 410 |
| challenge / activerun-20261002T094038Z-7f3b5cf6 | 17 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 410 |
| challenge / shamrun-20261002T094139Z-c71f9e9a | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 410 |
| challenge / activerun-20261002T094244Z-476cf489 | 28 | Direct | 3/3 | 0/9 | 410 | 410 |
| two_buttons / reversalrun-20261002T094346Z-84ce6bbd | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 105 |
| two_buttons / shamrun-20261002T094558Z-d97a58ec | 28 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/18 | 817 | 0 |
| two_buttons / reversalrun-20261002T094807Z-559cc1c6 | 17 | Direct | 5/6 | 0/17 | 748 | 61 |
| two_buttons / shamrun-20261002T095006Z-f1821ecb | 17 | Direct | 6/6 | 0/17 | 748 | 0 |
Generated reasoning and pulse timing review · Model-specific calibration · Screenshot provenance
This is a descriptive two-seed pilot. Easy calculator-assisted tasks and nonbinding action budgets limit what it can tell us about costly preferences. None of these measurements establishes subjective experience.